ROBERVAL, JEAN-FRANOIS DE LA ROCQUE, SIEUR (LORD) DE

born c. 1500, Carcassonne, France died 1560/61, Paris French colonizer chosen by Francis I to create a settlement on North American lands found earlier by Jacques Cartier. Roberval was born into a noble family and lived at the court of Francis of Angoulme. Roberval converted to Protestantism and was outlawed, but he was able to return to France and resume living in the court of Francis, now King Francis I. He dissipated his fortune and borrowed from his relatives; he was ill-financed when Francis chose him in 1541 to be lieutenant general of the North American territory. He received a royal subsidy of 45,000 livres but needed considerably more, which he acquired as a pirate by seizing a number of English ships. Roberval sailed for the New World in 1542 in command of the ships Valentine, Anne, and Lchefraye with a band of French gentlemen and some convicts to do heavy labour. His mission was to colonize and convert the natives to Roman Catholicism (though he was a Protestant). Cartier was to have been his guide, but the impatient explorer had left the previous year. The two did meet in Newfoundland on June 8, but thereupon Cartier returned to France. Roberval's company navigated the Gulf of St. Lawrence and then settled temporarily at Cartier's former headquarters at Cap Rouge (near present-day Quebec). Roberval did some exploring in the area and suffered through a harsh winter with the company. He was a stern disciplinarian, although his pardon of a member of the crew who had killed one of the sailors is the oldest extant Canadian document, dated Sept. 9, 1542. The settlement was short-lived, breaking up in 1543 and returning to France. Mineral wealth that he brought back turned out to be fool's gold and mica. Roberval was in ruins financially, and he barely managed to keep his estate at Roberval. According to tradition, he was attacked and killed when he and a group of coreligionists were emerging from a nighttime Calvinist meeting in Paris.