ROCHDALE

town and metropolitan borough in the northeastern part of the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, historic county of Lancashire, England, cradled on two sides by the Pennines. Rochdale town lies at the confluence of the Rivers Spodden and Roch at the foot of a western spur of the Pennines. It grew as a market centre in the medieval period and became important in the 18th and 19th centuries as a centre of cotton textile manufacture, with special emphasis on heavy textiles for industrial uses. The Rochdale Canal (no longer used) was constructed to improve the local transportation. The town was the birthplace of the cooperative movement, an international wholesale and retail trade organization whose profits are distributed to member-customers, the Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers (Rochdale Pioneers) being founded in 1844. Their first shop, in Toad Lane, has been preserved. Manufacturing remains central to the metropolitan borough's economy, although textiles are now second to engineering in importance. The borough's location along major motorways and highways has also made it a centre of transport and distribution. Rochdale has an art gallery, museum, and parks and recreational facilities. The borough also includes the towns of Heywood and Middleton, several smaller towns, and areas of open countryside. Hollingworth Lake (117 acres [47 hectares]) is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) northeast. Area metropolitan borough, 62 square miles (160 square km). Pop. (1991) town, 94,313; metropolitan borough, 208,200.