RUMAKER, MICHAEL

born March 5, 1932, Philadelphia, Pa., U.S. American author whose early fiction reflects the disaffection of the Beat generation. Rumaker graduated with honours from Black Mountain College in North Carolina in 1955. In 1958, after moving to New York City, he suffered an emotional breakdown, for which he was hospitalized until 1960. He later received an M.F.A. in creative writing from Columbia University (1969) and afterward taught at several New York colleges and universities. From the late 1950s Rumaker's short stories, such as The Desert (1957), were frequently anthologized. His semiautobiographical novel The Butterfly (1962) tells of a young man's struggles to gain control of his life following an emotional breakdown. Exit 3, and Other Stories (1966; U.S. title, Gringos and Other Stories) contains short fictions rife with marginal characters and random violence. A Day and a Night at the Baths (1979) and My First Satyrnalia (1981) are semiautobiographical accounts of initiation into New York's homosexual community. His later works include 3 3 (1989), To Kill a Cardinal (1992), and Robert Duncan in San Francisco (1996).