SANDAKAN

largest town and port, East Malaysia (North Borneo), on an inlet of the Sulu Sea, near the mouth of the Sungai (River) Kinabatangan, on the heavily indented east coast. The capital of British North Borneo (now Sabah) until 1947, it is the commercial heart of the state. Founded in 1874 as Elopura, the port's development depended on trade in jungle products such as timber, rattan, birds' nests, dammar, and coconuts. Its commercial links have historically been with Hong Kong, Japan, and Australia. Hemmed in by highlands, much of central Sandakan has been built on land reclaimed from the sea since the early 1920s. Chinese (mainly Cantonese from Hong Kong) dominate the town, where their characteristic three-to-four-story concrete shop houses intermingle with taller office buildings. Oceangoing ships of more than 11,000 tons are unable to penetrate its harbour because of the silt and sandbars deposited around the entrance by the Kinabatangan. Nevertheless, the spacious harbour (20 mi long by 3 to 10 mi [5 to 16 km] wide) has become the outlet of Sabah's booming post-World War II trade in timber, copra, and manila hemp. Most of the logs are loaded via lighters onto ships anchored beyond the mud bars; a large wharf handles ships of shallow draft. Large oil-palm and cocoa estates have been established in the area. Other activities include boatbuilding, cutch extraction, freezing, and prawn packing. Sandakan has an airport and is linked by road to Kota Kinabalu, the state capital, via Ranau. Nearby Red Hill offers a panoramic view of the harbour, including Pulau Berhala, an island retreat for swimming, fishing, and diving. At Sapulut there is a sanctuary for the orangutan, the manlike ape of Borneo. The large Gomantong Caves are inhabited by swiftlets (whose nests are collected for birds' nest soup, a Chinese delicacy) and a large colony of bats. Pop. (1980) 70,420.