SANTHAL

also called Manjhi, tribal people of eastern India, numbering about 5,380,000 in the late 20th century. Their greatest concentration is in the states of Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa. Some 65,000 also live in Bangladesh and 10,000 in Nepal. Their language is Santhali, a dialect of Kherwari, a Munda language. Many Santhal are employed in the coal mines near Asansol or the steel factories in Jamshedpur, while others work during part of the year as paid agricultural labourers. In the villages, where tribal life continues, the most important economic activity is the cultivation of rice. Each village is led by a hereditary headman assisted by a council of elders; he also has some religious and ceremonial functions. Groups of villages are linked together in a larger territorial unit termed a pargana, which also has a hereditary headman. The Santhal have 12 clans, each divided into a number of subdivisions also based on descent, which is patrilineal. Members of the same clan do not marry each other. Membership in the clan and subclan carries certain injunctions and prohibitions with regard to style of ornament, food, housing, and religious ritual. Marriage is generally monogamous; polygyny, though permitted, is rare. The traditional religion centres on the worship of spirits, and the ancestral spirits of the headmen are objects of an important cult.