SANTIAGO

regin metropolitana, central Chile, bordering Argentina on the east, Valparaso regin on the north and west, and O'Higgins regin on the south. Santiago, created a province in 1826 and a metropolitan region in 1974, is divided into the provinces of Santiago, Chacabuco, Cordillera, Maipo, Melipilla, and Talagante. It spans the fertile Central Valley and the Andean cordillera. Winter rains and snowmelt in the watershed of the Maipo River supply the water used for power development and for farm and urban needs. River canyons provide summer recreation areas and access to winter resorts (Farellones, Lagunillas, and Refugio lo Valds). Santiago is Chile's major industrial and agricultural region. The bulk of Chile's industrial and commercial activity is concentrated in the national and regional capital of Santiago, but there are important farm-supply, marketing, and processing activities at San Bernardo (location of major railroad shops), Puente Alto (a paper- and gypsum-processing centre), Melipilla, Talagante, and Buin. Dairying and beef production are significant; the main crops are grains, grapes, potatoes, and beans. Copper, gypsum, and limestone are mined. Marketing is facilitated by the proximity of urban centres, by main-line railroad communications, and by the best-developed regional road system in Chile. Area 5,926 square miles (15,349 square km). Pop. (1990 est.) 5,236,322. in full Santiago de Compostela, city, La Corua provincia, capital of the comunidad autonma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain, near the confluence of the Sar and Sarela rivers, 32 miles (51 km) southwest of La Corua city. Santiago is the Spanish for St. James, whose shrine the city possesses. In 1985 UNESCO designated the city a World Heritage site. In AD 813 a tomb discovered at nearby Padrn was said to have been supernaturally revealed to be that of the apostle St. James, martyred at Jerusalem about AD 44. His bones had been taken to Spain, where, according to legend, he had formerly evangelized. The discovery of the relics provided a rallying point for Christian Spain, then confined to a narrow strip of the northern Iberian Peninsula (most of the remainder of which was occupied by Moors). Alfonso II of Asturias built a church over the tomb, which Alfonso III replaced by a larger structure, and during the Middle Ages the town that grew up around it became the most important Christian place of pilgrimage after Jerusalem and Rome. The whole town, except the tomb itself, was destroyed in 997 by Abu 'Amir al-Mansur (Almanzor), military commander of the Moorish caliphate of Crdoba. In 1078 the present cathedral was begun by order of Alfonso VI of Leon and Castile. This Romanesque building, located at the east end of the Plaza del Obradoiro, has a Baroque west facade (the Obradoiro) built (173850) by Fernando Casas y Novoa. An outstanding feature of the interior is the Prtico de la Gloria , a tripartite porch located behind the facade and showing a Last Judgment sculptural composition by Maestro Mateo; the work is Romanesque but tinged with Gothic features. To the north of the Plaza del Obradoiro is the Royal Hospital (now a hotel), which was built in 150111 by Enrique de Egas to receive pilgrims. Other noteworthy secular buildings are the colegios (schools) of San Jernimo (founded 1501), Fonseca (founded 1506), and San Clemente (founded 1602) and the University (founded 1501, though the building dates from 1750). The Monastery of San Martn Pinario, now a seminary, was founded in the 10th century and rebuilt in the 17th. The Monastery of San Francisco was supposedly founded by St. Francis of Assisi when he made a pilgrimage to Santiago in 1214. The Church of Santa Mara Salom and the collegiate Church of Santa Mara la Real del Sar in the suburbs both date from the 12th century, with later facades. Santiago is well known for its ras (narrow streets), which surround the cathedral and add medieval charm to the historic centre. The Cathedral Museum contains sculptures and Flemish tapestries, and the Galician People's Museum is an ethnographic and anthropological museum. The Galician Centre of Contemporary Art was designed by the architect lvaro Siza and houses Galician and international artistic creations. The Route of Santiago de Compostela, designated a World Heritage site in 1993, was a series of roads through France and Spain that converged on the city; the route was traveled each year throughout the Middle Ages by thousands of pilgrims. Among Santiago's chief economic activities are the manufacture of furniture, electronic machinery, and food products. Artistic industries include silverwork and wood engraving. Banking, tourism, construction, and telecommunications are also major sources of income. Pop. (1991 prelim.) 87,472. city, western Panama, in the Pacific lowlands north of Puerto Mutis, its port on the Gulf of Montijo. One of the oldest settlements in Panama, the city flourished in the colonial era, and many fine old buildings remain. It is also a marketing centre for the rice, coffee, corn (maize), livestock, and other products from the hinterland. Gold deposits occur in the vicinity. Santiago lies on the Pan-American Highway, and it has an airfield. Pop. (1990 prelim.) 43,678. capital of Chile and of the regin metropolitana of Santiago. It lies on the canalized Mapocho River, in view of high Andean peaks to the east. The city was founded as Santiago del Nuevo Extremo (Santiago of the New Frontier) in 1541 by the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia. The area was inhabited by the Picunche Indians, who were placed under the rule of the Spanish settlers. The original city site was limited by the two surrounding arms of the Mapocho River and by Hueln (renamed Santa Luca) Hill to the east, which served as a lookout. During the period of Spanish domination, growth was slow. Santiago's checkerboard outline was maintained until the early 1800s, when it grew to the north, to the south, and especially to the west. The south bank of the Mapocho River was drained and converted into a public promenade, now the Alameda Bernardo O'Higgins. The city was only slightly damaged during the War of Independence (181018), since the decisive Battle of Maip took place outside the city limits. Santiago was named the republic's capital in 1818, and thereafter the wealth of the nation flowed into the city. Architectural remnants of the colonial era include the Palace of the Governors, the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Mint, the Consulate Tribunal, and the Churches of San Francisco, Santo Domingo, Recoleta Franciscana, and Mercy. The Cousio Palace is an example of 19th-century architecture, while 20th-century styles are expressed in the Fine Arts Palace, the National Library, the Union Club, and the modern residences at Vitacura, San Luis Hill, and Lo Curro. Greater Santiago contains Chile's greatest concentration of industry. The main products are foodstuffs, textiles, shoes, and clothes; metallurgy and copper mining are also important. The city also has an active financial sector, including a stock exchange, the major banks with hundreds of branches, and many insurance companies. Santiago is the centre of the nation's railroads. Highways and roads connect the city with the ports of San Antonio to the west and Valparaso to the northwest, thus providing an outlet to the Pacific Ocean. The city has a subway system, and air services are provided by the international airport at Pudahuel and the airport at Los Cerrillos, which handles domestic flights. There are also two smaller civil airportsLo Castillo and Tobalabaas well as El Bosque, a military airport. The city's cultural life is cosmopolitan, its native institutions exhibiting European and North American influences. There has been a strong resurgence of mestizo artisanship, especially in music, theatre, painting, and literature. The city contains the National Archives and numerous libraries and museums. Advanced educational institutions include the University of Chile (founded 1738), the Catholic University of Chile (1888), and the State Technical University (1947). Despite Santiago's status as national capital, the national congress meets not in Santiago but in Valparaso, 84 miles (140 km) to the east. The most prominent recreation areas are the public parks of Santa Luca Hill and San Cristbal Hill, with its zoo and camping grounds. Many private and public sports clubs, as well as stadiums, offer varied facilities. There are ski slopes in Farellones, and several resorts are located along the coast. Pop. (1991 est.) Greater (Gran) Santiago, 5,342,913.