SCHONGAUER, MARTIN

born 1445/50, Colmar, Alsace [now in France] died Feb. 2, 1491, Breisach, Baden [now in Germany] byname Schn Martin, or Hipsch (Hbsch) Martin (German: Beautiful Martin) painter and printmaker who was the finest German engraver before Albrecht Drer. Schongauer was the son of Caspar Schongauer, a goldsmith of Augsburg. In 1465 he registered at the University of Leipzig but apparently remained there only for a short time. It is not clear whether he was there as a student or as a visiting artist enjoying the university's protection from interference by the local painters' guild. No work of his has ever been discovered that could with certainty be dated earlier than 1469, and the wide distribution of his work did not get under way until the late 1470s. In 1469 his name is mentioned for the first time in the Colmar register of property. The same date appears also on three of his early drawings, but these dates and signatures were added by Albrecht Drer, who may have received them from Schongauer's brothers. In 1488 Schongauer left Colmar and moved to Breisach, in Baden, where he died. According to contemporary sources, Schongauer was a prolific painter whose panels were sought in many countries. Few paintings by his hand survive. Among these, the Madonna in a Rose Garden (1473), altarpiece of the Church of Saint-Martin in Colmar, ranks first in importance. This work combines monumentality with tenderness, approaching the manner of the great Flemish painter Rogier van der Weyden, by whom Schongauer was profoundly influenced. Other paintings by Schongauer include two wings of the Orliac altar (Colmar Museum); six small panels among which the Nativity (Berlin) and the Holy Family (Vienna) are the most mature; and finally the murals of the Last Judgment in the cathedral of Breisach, probably his last work (uncovered in 1932). It is as an engraver that Schongauer stands without rival in northern Europe in his time. He was influenced by and may have studied with the master engraver who signed his work simply E.S. (see Master E.S.). Schongauer's engraved work, consisting of about 115 plates, all signed with his monogram, is a final, highly refined and sensitive manifestation of the late Gothic spirit. Technically he brought the art of engraving to maturity by expanding its range of contrasts and textures, thus introducing a painter's viewpoint into an art that had been primarily the domain of the goldsmith. The larger and more elaborate engravings, such as the Temptation of St. Anthony or the Death of the Virgin, belong to his earlier period. In his later years he preferred smaller plates, even for such subjects as the Passion of Christ, a set of 12 engravings. Some of his most eloquent plates are single figures, such as the Madonna in a Courtyard and St. Sebastian. Within the diversity of trends in German art in this period, Schongauer represents the most idealistic and aristocratic element, devoting his art mainly to Christian subjects and shunning the crude and often humorous realism of some of his fellow engravers. The grace of his work became proverbial even in his lifetime and gave rise to such names as Hbsch [charming] Martin and Schn Martin (Bel Martino in Italian), whereby the German adjective schn (beautiful) often became confused with the artist's family name.