SEEBECK, THOMAS JOHANN

born Apr. 9, 1770, Tallinn, Estonia, Russian Empire died Dec. 10, 1831, Berlin, Prussia German physicist who discovered (1821) that an electric current flows between different conductive materials that are kept at different temperatures, known as the Seebeck effect. Seebeck studied medicine at Berlin and at the University of Gottingen, where he acquired an M.D. in 1802. However, he abandoned medical practice for scientific research. He was chosen (1814) as a member of the Berlin Academy and was awarded (1816) the academy's annual prize for his investigation of polarization in stressed glass. In numerous experiments on the magnetizability of various metals, he observed the anomalous reaction of magnetized red-hot iron, which eventually resulted in the phenomenon now known as hysteresis. Continued experiments with different metal pairs and a variety of conductors revealed that it was possible to place the many conducting materials in a thermoelectric series. His most important contribution, however, was the Seebeck effect. He discovered that if a copper strip was joined to a strip of bismuth to form a closed circuit, heating one junction induced a current of electricity to flow around the circuit as long as the difference in temperature existed. This remained true of any pair of metals, and his original experiment revealed that merely holding one junction by hand was adequate to produce a measurable current.