SHANG K'O-HSI

died 1676, China Pinyin Shang Kexi Chinese general whose attempt to retire in 1673 resulted in large-scale rebellion. Originally a Ming dynasty general, Shang transferred his loyalty in 1634 to the Manchu kingdom of Manchuria, which was encroaching on China from the northeast. By 1644, when the Manchus conquered China and proclaimed the Ch'ing dynasty (16441911/12), Shang was one of the leading Ch'ing generals. In 1649 he was given the title p'ingnan wang (prince who pacifies the south) and sent to conquer the southern province of Kwangtung. When he completed this task, he was made governor of the area with full civil and military authority. In 1673 Shang successfully petitioned the emperor for permission to retire, and preparations were made to bring Kwangtung under central control. Wu San-kuei, another Ch'ing general who also had been made governor of a southern province, became alarmed. Fearing his power also would be restricted, Wu rebelled and was joined by a third southern general. Shang remained loyal, but his eldest son put his father under arrest and joined the rebels. (The ensuing war, known as the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, was not suppressed until 1681.) Unable to control his son, Shang attempted suicide. He failed, but his health was destroyed and he died soon after. Altogether, he had 23 sons, most of whom were loyal Ch'ing officials11 became generals and 3 became state councillors.