SHANG DYNASTY

Pinyin Shang, the first recorded Chinese dynasty for which there is both documentary and archaeological evidence. The Shang dynasty was the reputed successor to the quasi-legendary first, or Hsia, dynasty. The dates given for the founding of the Shang dynasty vary from about 1760 to 1520 BC; dates for the dynasty's fall also vary from 1122 to 1030 BC. The period of the dynasty's rule has traditionally been dated 17661122 BC. The latter part of the Shang dynasty, from the reign of P'an-k'ang on, is also called the Yin dynasty. Shang China was centred in the North China Plain and extended as far north as modern Shantung province and westward through present Honan province. The kings of the Shang are believed to have occupied several capitals one after another, one of them possibly at modern Cheng-chou, where there are rich archaeological finds, but they settled at An-yang in the 14th century BC. The king appointed local governors, and there was an established class of nobles as well as the masses, whose chief labour was in agriculture. The king issued pronouncements as to when to plant crops, and the society had a highly developed calendar system with a 360-day year of 12 months of 30 days each. It was in this period that Chinese writing began to develop, and the symbol for moon wasas it remainsthat also for month. The calendar took cognizance of both lunar and solar cycles; and, when it became necessary to adjust the basically lunar year to the seasonal reality of the solar year, intercalary months were added. Musical instruments had evidently come down from the Hsia or whatever society preceded the Shang, for the early instruments of the latter were well developed and included a clay ocarina, tuned chimes of stone, and bells and drums of bronze. The word for drum, ku, appeared in inscriptions. (Legend traces the origin of pipes of bamboo earlier, even before the mythical Hsia.) The architects of the Shang period built houses of timber over rammed-earth floors, with walls of wattle and daub and roofs of thatch. Tombs were dug in clay, and their walls show traces of paintings that strongly resemble some of the ornamentation and animal shapes reflected in the outstanding bronzework of the period. The earliest bronzes of the Shang were primitive, but a course of development is evident that culminates in elegant ceremonial objects as well as a substantial range of cooking and serving dishes and various utensils and ornaments. There was a three-legged li for cooking, and into it could be fitted a bronze hsien, a dish with a pierced bottom to function as a steamer. Serving bowls were often stemmed, and pouring vessels had long spouts; these and numerous other vessels were often richly decorated. Pottery objects were abundant, and Shang potters made fired-clay sectional molds for casting bronzes. They also used clay molds to imprint decorations into clay vesselswhose shapes in many cases clearly inspired designs in bronze. Some of the pottery gives evidence of possibly having been shaped on a potter's wheel. Pottery included dishes and bowls in a white glaze for ceremonial and ritual use, as well as black pottery and a rich brown glaze for more mundane purposes. Jade carving became quite advanced during the Shang dynasty; ceremonial weapons of jade were made, as well as jade fittings for actual weapons. Jade figurines included both human and animal shapes, carved in the round in careful detail. Many of these have been found in tombs of the period. Other funerary art ran a gamut in size from tiny objects of jade or carved bone and ivory (sometimes inlaid with turquoise) to chariots of lacquered wood. Larger sculptures in marble followed animal motifs. No literature as such survives from the Shang, but quite numerous records and ceremonial inscriptions and family or clan names exist, carved into or brushed onto bone or tortoise shells. Three kinds of characters were usedpictographs, ideograms, and phonogramsand these records are the earliest of writing in China.