SIEGBAHN, KAI MANNE BRJE

born April 20, 1918, Lund, Swed. Swedish physicist, corecipient with Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow of the United States of the 1981 Nobel Prize for Physics for their revolutionary work in spectroscopy, particularly the spectroscopic analysis of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Siegbahn was the son of Karl Manne Siegbahn, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1924 for his discoveries relating to X-ray spectroscopy. Kai was awarded his Ph.D. in physics by the University of Stockholm in 1944. In 1951 he was appointed professor at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and in 1954 he moved to the University of Uppsala. In his prize-winning work, Siegbahn formulated the principles underlying the technique called ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) and refined the instruments used in carrying it out. ESCA depends on a fundamental phenomenon, the photoelectric effect, which is the emission of electrons that occurs when electromagnetic radiation strikes a material. Siegbahn's achievement was to develop ways to measure the kinetic energies of the emitted electrons accurately enough to permit the determination of their binding energies. He showed that chemical elements bind electrons with characteristic energies that are slightly modified by the molecular or ionic environment. During the 1970s ESCA was adopted all over the world for analyzing materials, including the particles in polluted air and the surfaces of solid catalysts used in petroleum refining.