SLOVAKIA, FLAG OF

horizontally striped white-blue-red national flag with an off-centre coat of arms (shield) of the same colours. The flag's width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3. The coat of arms of Slovakia has ancient roots. A double-barred cross was used as early as the 9th century in the Byzantine Empire, long before heraldic symbols were established. The first coat of arms of Hungary, of which Slovakia was then a part, dates from 1189 when King Bla III used the double-barred cross. The coat of arms was later standardized as a red shield with a white cross rising from three green hills. In the 16th century the three hills were sometimes identified with the Tatra, Fatra, and Mtra ranges. During the revolutionary days of 184849, Slovak nationalists created a coat of arms different from that of Hungary by altering the hills to blue. The choice was based on the fact that white, blue, and red had been recognized as pan-Slavic colours since the leading Slavic power, Russia, had chosen them for its flag in 1699. In 1918 the Slovak coat of arms was given official recognition by the newly formed government of Czechoslovakia, of which Slovakia formed a part, and its corresponding white-blue-red tricolour was adopted by the fascist Slovak Republic of 193945. The year after communism disappeared in the Velvet Revolution of November 1989, Slovaks again made their tricolour official. As the Slovak Republic moved toward independence from Czechoslovakia (achieved on January 1, 1993), attention was given to the fact that its plain white-blue-red tricolour was the same as the flag of Russia. On September 3, 1992, therefore, the Slovak shield was added near the hoist on the tricolour with a white fimbriation (narrow border) to separate it from the blue and red stripes, thus creating the national flag currently in use. Whitney Smith