SOLOTHURN

( (German), ) French Soleure, capital of Solothurn canton, northwestern Switzerland. It lies along the Aare River, south of Basel. It originated as the Celtic and Roman stronghold of Salodurum, occupying a strategic position at the approach to the Rhine from the southwest. The medieval town grew around the remains of the Roman castrum (fort) and a house of secular canons, which was founded in the 8th century in honour of St. Ursus. The dukes of Zhringen acquired jurisdiction over the town in 1127, but with the extinction of that house in 1218 it became a free imperial city and took the canons under its protection. In 1295 it allied itself with Bern, through which it became associated with the Swiss Confederation. An unsuccessful Habsburg attack in 1382 drew Solothurn into the Battle of Sempach, and it was included in the treaty of 1394 by which the Habsburgs renounced their claims to all territories within the Confederation. In the 15th century the town acquired by purchase or conquest the main part of the territories of the present canton, and in 1481 it was admitted to full membership in the Confederation. Dominating the town is the Cathedral of St. Ursus (176273, on an earlier foundation), which since 1828 has been the cathedral church of the bishop of Basel. Other notable buildings are the Jesuit church (168088), the Clock Tower, or Zeitglockenturm (1250), the 15th-century town hall, and the Zeughaus, or Arsenal (161014), which houses Switzerland's finest collection of armour and old weapons. Solothurn also has some fine 16th-century fountains, bulwarks, and gates that survive from the medieval fortifications, as well as a modern museum. The city's industries include watchmaking, engineering, and the manufacture of machinery, electrical and technical equipment, textiles, and paper. Solothurn's position at the foot of the Jura Mountains and near the navigable portion of the Aare River has always made it a junction of various routes; seven railway lines branch off there. The population is German-speaking with a Roman Catholic majority. Pop. (1990 est.) 15,480. , French Soleure, canton, northwestern Switzerland. It is bounded by the cantons of Bern to the west and south, Jura to the west, Aargau to the east, and Basel-Landschaft (demicanton) to the north. It is drained by the Aare River and its tributaries. Consisting of territories acquired by Solothurn (q.v.), its capital city, from which it took its name, it has an irregular shape, including two completely detached districts bordering on France in the north. It also includes the foothills of the Jura Mountains and a plain along the Aare River valley, part of which extends into Bern canton. Part of the Helvetic Republic after 1798, it became in 1803 one of the 19 cantons of the Swiss Confederation as reconstituted by Napoleon's Act of Mediation. Although distinctly Roman Catholic, it did not join the Sonderbund (separatist league of Catholic cantons) in 1845, and it approved the federal constitutions of 1848 and 1874. The present cantonal constitution dates from 1887 but was substantially revised in 1895. Until the 19th century, the canton's economic activities were mainly agricultural and pastoral. Although these are still important, the population is largely engaged in the manufacture of a variety of goods, including watches, jewelry, shoes, cotton textiles, paper, cellulose, cement, auto parts, iron and steel products, and electrical-communications equipment. A nuclear-power station began operation at Gsgen in 1979. The canton has excellent road and rail connections. Olten is a railway junction for direct lines from Geneva, Zrich, and Basel and the St. Gotthard Pass via Lucerne. The population is almost entirely German-speaking, with three-fifths Roman Catholics and two-fifths Protestants. Area 305 square miles (791 square km). Pop. (1990) 231,746; (1994 est.) 236,389.