STANHOPE, CHARLES STANHOPE, 3RD EARL, VISCOUNT ...

born Aug. 3, 1753, London, Eng. died Dec. 15, 1816, Chevening, Kent radical English politician and noted experimental scientist, a brilliant eccentric in both capacities. The second but eldest surviving son of Philip, 2nd Earl Stanhope, he was styled Viscount, or Lord, Mahon from 1763 to 1786. He was educated at Eton and was a member of the House of Commons from 1780 until his accession to the peerage in 1786. He became chairman of the Revolution Society (founded 1788), which urged the democratization of Parliament. Calling himself Citizen Stanhope, he sympathized with the French republicans and opposed Great Britain's war with Revolutionary France. Later, he attacked the suspension (1794) of the Habeas Corpus Act, Anglo-Irish parliamentary unification (1800), and the slave trade in British overseas possessions. An early experimenter with electricity, Stanhope invented two calculating machines; a kind of printing press and a microscope lens, both of which bear his name; a stereotyping machine; a steam carriage; a variety of cement much more durable than ordinary mortar; and an artificial slate, or tile. He projected a canal between the Bristol Channel and his estate at Holsworthy, Devon, and experimented with methods of raising and lowering canal barges. His writings include Considerations on the Means of Preventing Fraudulent Practices on the Gold Coin (1775), Principles of Electricity (1779), A Letter to Burke, Containing a Short Answer to His Late Speech on the French Revolution (1790), and pamphlets supporting Charles James Fox's libel bill (1792) and opposing the union with Ireland (1800). His eldest daughter, Lady Hester Stanhope, was a traveler and an eccentric who became the de facto ruler of a mountain community in western Syria (modern Lebanon).