SUMANGURU

flourished 13th century West African ruler who conquered several small western Sudanese states and molded them into a sizable, if short-lived, empire. Because he was primarily a war leader, his rule did little to restore prosperity and political stability to the western Sudan, which had been disrupted by years of warfare among rival kingdoms after the decline of the Ghana empire. Little is known with certainty about Sumanguru's life. Before he began his career of conquest, he was ruler of the kingdom of Kaniaga (located in what is today southwestern Mali), inhabited by the Susu (or Soso) people. After conquering many small states to the north and west, most of them former tributaries of Ghana, he captured (c. 1203) Kumbi, the capital of the Ghana empire. By capturing Kumbi, Sumanguru no doubt hoped to gain control of the rich trans-Saharan trade, carried on for centuries between Ghana and the Muslim states of North Africa. Soon after Sumanguru's conquest, however, Soninke (native peoples of Ghana) and North African merchants abandoned Kumbi and established other trading centres at Jenne (now Djnn) and Walata (or Oualata). These soon replaced the former Ghanaian capital as main centres of trade in the Sudan. Sumanguru is depicted in oral traditions as a cruel and ruthless tyrant. Some historians attribute these traits as a probable cause for the exodus of traders from Kumbi. His inability to maintain law and order and his enthusiastic adherence to the traditional religion of the Susu probably contributed as well to the disaffection of the predominantly Muslim merchant class. Whatever the reasons for the merchants' departure, his failure to establish control over trade in the Sudan was no doubt a major factor in the rapid decline of his empire. In the 1230s Sumanguru's power was challenged by the kingdom of Kangaba, to the south, whose people, the Mandingo, objected to Susu suzerainty. In the Battle of Kirina (near present Koulikoro in the Republic of Mali) c. 1235, the Mandingo, led by Sundiata, defeated Sumanguru. Power in the western Sudan then passed to Kangaba, forming the nucleus of a new Sudanese empire, Mali.