SUMAROKOV, ALEKSANDR PETROVICH

born Nov. 25 [Nov. 14, old style], 1717, St. Petersburg died Oct. 12 [Oct. 1, O.S.], 1777, Moscow Russian Neoclassical poet and dramatist, director of the first permanent theatre in St. Petersburg (175661) and author of several comedies and nine tragedies, including an adaptation of Hamlet (1748). Influenced by French Neoclassical drama, Sumarokov transplanted the conventions of the French theatre to dramas dealing with Russian history. This earned him the flattering epithet Racine of the North. In his tragedies, which usually had happy endings, he portrayed conflicts between love and duty; his comedies were satires on ignorance and provincialism. His lyric poetry is still read, although his plays are not. A high-minded aristocrat, he took the responsibilities of the nobility seriously and published a journal, Trudolyubivaya pchela (1759; The Industrious Bee), in which he exposed corrupt officials and the abuses of serfdom. He retired in Moscow when he lost the favour of Catherine II and died in poverty.