TALMUD AND MIDRASH

commentative and interpretative writings that hold a place in the Jewish religious tradition second only to the Bible (Old Testament). Additional reading B. Gerhardsson, Memory and Manuscript (1961), contains a description of the methods and techniques by which the oral tradition was transmitted. H.L. Strack, Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash (1931); and M. Mielziner, Introduction to the Talmud, 4th ed. (1968), are still the best introductions for the general reader. The latter is particularly helpful in explaining Talmudic dialectic terminology and debate. The Legends of the Talmud and Midrash are digested and annotated in Louis Ginzberg's classic, Legends of the Jews, 7 vol. (190939), also available in a one-volume abridgment (1961). J. Bowker, The Targums and Rabbinic Literature (1969); and E. Deutsch, The Talmud (1895), are both descriptions of the Talmud, the former concentrating upon Talmudic literary compilations and the latter upon Talmudic content. The introduction of J. Goldin, The Living Talmud (1957), contains a vivid description of Talmudic debate. C. Albeck, Introduction to the Talmud, in Hebrew (1969); and Z.H. Chajes, The Student's Guide Through the Talmud (Eng. trans. 1952), are more advanced introductions, the former analytical and scientific and the latter representing the traditional view. J. Neusner (ed.), The Formation of the Babylonian Talmud (1970), contains summaries of some research by modern scholars on the question of how the Talmud was formed. L. Ginzberg, Introduction to the Talmud, in A Commentary on the Palestinian Talmud, vol. 1 (1941), is the only introduction to the Palestinian Talmud available in the English language. The Midrash Rabbah has been translated and edited by Harry Freedman and Maurice Simon, 13 vol. in 5, 3rd ed. (1983); and the Midrash on Psalms, by W.G. Braude, 2 vol. (1959). L. Finkelstein, Akiba (1962), is a historical and sociological approach to the development of Halakha. Exploring the interrelationship between the ancient rabbinic world and its Gentile environment are Saul Lieberman, Greek in Jewish Palestine, 2nd ed. (1965), and Hellenism in Jewish Palestine, 2nd ed. (1962), highly significant, ingenious, and learned illustrations of the influence of Greek culture on the language and exegetical format of the Palestinian rabbis. B. Cohen, Jewish and Roman Law, 2 vol. (1966); and I. Herzog, The Main Institutions of Jewish Law, 2 vol. (196667), are the best English descriptions of Jewish law. J. Z. Lauterbach, Rabbinic Essays (1951); and E.E. Urbach, The Sages: Their Concepts and Beliefs, in Hebrew (1969), cover the major aspects of rabbinic theology. I. Heinemann, Paths of the Aggadah, in Hebrew (1970); M. Kadushin, The Rabbinic Mind, 3rd ed. (1972); and D. Ben Amos, Narrative Forms of the Haggadah: Structural Analysis (1969), discuss Haggadic methods, forms, concepts, and thinking. L. Zunz, Die Gottesdienstlichen Vortrge der Juden (1892; updated Hebrew translation, 1950), is a thorough historical survey of Haggadic literature. D. Noy, Motif-Index of the Talmudic-Midrashic literature (1954); J.J. Slotki, Index Volume to the Soncino Talmud (1952); M. Gaster, The Exempla of the Rabbis (1924, rev. ed. 1968); and C.G. Montefiore and H. Loewe, A Rabbinic Anthology (1938), are very helpful as reference guides; while W.O.E. Oesterley, H. Loewe, and E.I.J. Rosenthal, Judaism and Christianity, rev. ed. (1969); and C. Merchavia, The Church Versus Talmudic and Midrashic Literature, in Hebrew (1970), describe the relationship between the church and rabbinic Judaism. E.R. Bevan and C. Singer (eds.), The Legacy of Israel (1927), deals with the influence of Judaism on world culture. Extensive bibliographies may be found in the works of Gerhardsson, Mielziner, Bowker, and Ben Amos. Jacob Neusner, Judaism: The Evidence of the Mishnah (1981), introduces new methods of textual criticism. Haim Zalman Dimitrovsky Lou Hackett Silberman The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica