THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES

the doctrinal statements of the Church of England. With The Book of Common Prayer, they present the liturgy and doctrine of that church. The Thirty-nine Articles developed from the Forty-two Articles, written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer in 1553 for the avoiding of controversy in opinions. These had been partly derived from the Thirteen Articles of 1538, designed as the basis of an agreement between Henry VIII and the German Lutheran princes, which had been influenced by the Lutheran Augsburg Confession (1530). The Forty-two Articles were eliminated when Mary I became queen (1553) and restored Roman Catholicism. After Elizabeth I became queen (1558), a new statement of doctrine was needed. In 1563 the Canterbury Convocation (the periodic assembly of clergy of the province of Canterbury) drastically revised the Forty-two Articles, and additional changes were made at Elizabeth's request. A final revision by Convocation in 1571 produced the Thirty-nine Articles, which were approved by Elizabeth and imposed on the clergy. In form they deal briefly with the doctrines accepted by Roman Catholics and Protestants alike and more fully with points of controversy. They are often studiously ambiguous, however, because the Elizabethan government wished to make the national church as inclusive of different viewpoints as possible. The status of the Thirty-nine Articles varies in the several churches of the Anglican communion. Since 1865, Church of England clergy have had to declare only that the doctrine in the Articles is agreeable to the Word of God. In the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, neither clergy nor laity is required formally to subscribe to them.