THOMAS, MARTHA CAREY

born Jan. 2, 1857, Baltimore, Md., U.S. died Dec. 2, 1935, Philadelphia, Pa. American educator and feminist and the second president of Bryn Mawr College in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Carey Thomas, as she preferred to be known, was the daughter of a modestly prosperous Quaker family. She attended Quaker schools in her native Baltimore, Maryland, and in Ithaca, New York, then overrode her father's objections and sought a college education. Two years after entering as a junior, she graduated from Cornell University in 1877. She pursued graduate work at Johns Hopkins University and in Germany at the University of Leipzig. After three years at Leipzig she was refused a degree because she was a woman; she then applied to the University of Zrich, was accepted for examination in linguistics, and received her Ph.D. summa cum laude in 1882. After a year of further work at the Sorbonne in Paris, she returned to the United States, and in 1884 she was appointed professor of English at and dean of the newly established Bryn Mawr College for women, which opened in 1885. She was the first woman college faculty member in the country to hold the title of dean. At Bryn Mawr, Thomas quickly established herself as a leading influence. She largely organized the undergraduate studies program and started the first graduate program at any women's school. In 1885 she joined her longtime friend Mary Garrett and others in founding the Bryn Mawr School for Girls in Baltimore. The same group organized a major fund-raising campaign in 1889 that helped persuade the Johns Hopkins faculty to open its new medical school to women. She also established scholarships for European students to study at Bryn Mawr, the first such graduate scholarships in the United States. In 1894, with the trustees swayed in part by Garrett's promise of financial support, Thomas was chosen to succeed the retiring president, James E. Rhoads. She continued as dean until 1908 and as president until 1922. Thomas was also an ardent suffragist. In 1908 she was first president of the National College Women's Equal Suffrage League, and she later was a leading member of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. After 1920 she advocated the policies of the National Woman's Party and was an early promoter of an equal rights amendment to the U.S. Constitution.