TIKHONOV, NIKOLAY SEMYONOVICH

born Nov. 22 [Dec. 4, New Style], 1896, St. Petersburg, Russia died Feb. 8, 1979, Moscow Soviet poet and prose writer, notable for his heroic war ballads and for his originality and poetic experimentation. Tikhonov was born into a middle-class family and received a rather poor formal education. He fought in a hussar regiment during World War I, later joining the Red Army and participating in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War. During the early 1920s he settled in Leningrad and became a member of the Serapion Brothers, a literary group whose members admired the Romanticism of the 19th-century German writer E.T.A. Hoffmann. In his first two collections of poetry, Orda (1922; The Horde) and Braga (1922; Mead), Tikhonov sought to express the sensations of his years of war and adventure. He drew inspiration from the Bolshevik Revolution, which he viewed as a release of tremendous energy and as an opportunity to learn and exhibit courage. These and other early poems show the influence of Acmeism in their use of concrete images, pictorial detail, and semantic precision. In the mid-1920s, under the influence of the poets Velimir Khlebnikov and Boris Pasternak, Tikhonov experimented in his poetry. He traveled to the East and to Central Asia, gaining new materials and new tones and colours. In the early 1930s Tikhonov began to concern himself in his poetry more with broad social issues. His prose works, however, continued to be romantic in style and in spirit, as in his short stories depicting socialist construction projects in Central Asia. A staunch supporter of the Soviet regime and an ardent patriot, he stressed during World War II the same ideals of duty and courage that he had emphasized in his earlier writings. Tikhonov's literary and political work (he served as a Soviet cultural ambassador on several occasions and also wrote propaganda) earned him three Orders of Lenin, three Stalin Prizes, and a Lenin Prize. He served as chairman of the Union of Soviet Writers from 1944 to 1946. During the late 1950s Tikhonov alienated many other Soviet writers because of his participation in a campaign of criticism and denunciation directed against the Soviet poet and novelist Boris Pasternak.