TSO TSUNG-T'ANG

born Nov. 10, 1812, Hsiang-yin, Hunan province, China died Sept. 5, 1885, Fu-chou, Fukien Pinyin Zuo Zongtang Chinese administrator and military leader, one of the scholar-officials who worked to suppress the great rebellions that threatened the imperial government during the second half of the 19th century. Tso's efforts helped revive the declining Ch'ing (Manchu) dynasty (16441911/12) and reestablished the Chinese position in Central Asia. Born into a well-connected, scholarly family, Tso passed his preliminary civil-service examinations and devoted himself to geographic and agricultural studies. Around 1850, when the Taiping Rebellion began to spread through South China, Tso helped organize local defense forces, and he soon became one of the top imperial commanders. By 1863 he was governor-general of Chekiang and Fukien and one of the most powerful figures in China. In 1866 he was made governor-general of Shensi and Kansu to quell the Muslim rebels there. Tso slowly and systematically defeated the rebels, using a combination of effective taxation, encouragement of economic production, and Western technology. Following this campaign, he successfully argued in favour of attempting the reconquest of Chinese Central Asia (now the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang) from other Muslim rebels. Tso helped finance and supply his troops by building his own arsenal and woolen mill and forcing his troops to grow grain and cotton in their spare time. He not only destroyed the rebels but also reestablished Chinese power so convincingly that China regained, by the Treaty of St. Petersburg in 1881, the important border passes that Russia had occupied during the Muslim rebellion. A sick old man, blind in one eye, Tso was still not allowed to retire. In 1884 he was sent to South China and placed in charge of defenses in the war with France. He died soon after the peace settlement.