VERGA, GIOVANNI

born Sept. 2, 1840, Catania, Sicily died Jan. 27, 1922, Catania novelist, short-story writer, and playwright, most important of the Italian verismo (Realist) school of novelists (see verismo). His reputation was slow to develop, but modern critics have assessed him as one of the greatest of all Italian novelists. His influence was particularly marked on the post-World War II generation of Italian authors; a landmark film of the Neorealist cinema movement, Luchino Visconti's Terra trema (1948; The Earth Trembles), was based on Verga's novel I malavoglia. Born to a family of Sicilian landowners, Verga went to Florence in 1869 and later lived in Milan, where the ideas of other writers much influenced his work. In 1893 he returned to Catania. Starting with historical and patriotic novels, Verga went on to write novels in which psychological observation was combined with romantic elements, as in Eva (1873), Tigre reale (1873; Royal Tigress), and Eros (1875). These sentimental works were later referred to by Verga as novels of elegance and adultery. Eventually he developed the powers that made him prominent among the European novelists of the late 19th century, and within a few years he produced his masterpieces: the short stories of Vita dei campi (1880; Life in the Fields) and Novelle rusticane (1883; Little Novels of Sicily), the great novels I malavoglia (1881) and Mastro-don Gesualdo (1889), and Cavalleria rusticana (1884), a play rewritten from a short story, which became immensely popular as an opera (1890) by Pietro Mascagni. Verga wrote with terse accuracy and an intensity of human feeling that constitute a distinctively lyrical Realism. His realistic representations of the life of the poor peasants and fishermen of Sicily are particularly notable, and indeed, his strong feeling for locale helped start a movement of regionalist writing in Italy. His stories most commonly treated man's struggle for material betterment, which Verga saw as foredoomed. D.H. Lawrence translated several of his works into English, including Cavalleria rusticana and Mastro-don Gesualdo. Another notable English translation is The House by the Medlar Tree (1953), Eric Mosbacher's version of I malavoglia.