VOLCANO ISLANDS

Japanese Kazan-retto, archipelago, Tokyo to (metropolis), Japan. The islands lie in the western Pacific between the Bonin Islands (north) and the Mariana Islands (south). The three small volcanic islands are, in northsouth sequence, Kita-I o (San Alexander) Island, Io (Iwo Jima) Island, and Minami-Io (San Augustino) Island. Unclaimed until the arrival of Japanese fishermen and sulfur miners in 1887, the islands were claimed formally by Japan in 1891. Iwo Jima (q.v.) is the largest island, with a large stretch of level land that was converted into a military airfield during World War II. It lies about 760 miles (1,220 km) south of Tokyo. The island was the scene of a bloody battle between Japanese and U.S. forces in 1945. Under the peace treaty with Japan, that nation retained residual sovereignty over the archipelago, but the United States administered the islands from 1951 to 1968, when they were returned to Japan.