WELSH LITERATURE

body of writings in the Welsh language with a rich and unbroken history stretching from the 6th century to the present. The history of Welsh literature may be divided into two main periods, early (including medieval) and modern. The early period was preeminently the age of professional bards, who trained in a teacher-pupil relation and practiced a poetic art so complex as to exclude the untrained altogether. Prior to the late 13th century, the bards had been patronized by the independent Welsh princes; henceforth they were patronized by the Welsh nobility that served the English crown. They retained their intricate system of versification (cynghanedd), although in a simpler, if more rigid, form, as well as their basic theme, eulogy, but they had perforce to include some new themes, mainly that of love. To the old tales, the Mabinogion and "Culhwch and Olwen," new ones of continental provenance were added, and new didactic prose appeared in the language through the activity of ecclesiastics. The modern period was ushered in by the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the Counter-Reformation. Many of the early reformers of both faiths were imbued with the Renaissance spirit and with the desire to see the Welsh language take its proper place among the languages of Europe. Religion and learning contributed to a renewal of Welsh literature in the 18th century. The Welsh created what was almost a new literature that reflected the Romantic movement. But there was also a classical movement, known as the Welsh literary renaissance, centred on three brothers, Lewis, Richard, and William Morris. They were inspired by a deep love for everything Welsh and encouraged the collecting of all material of literary value, including that found in manuscripts and that found on the lips of their fellow countrymen. Contemporary Welsh literature may be said to have begun with the foundation of the University of Wales in the late 19th century. The movement for reform that came with the extension of popular education, and especially with the establishment of university colleges in Wales, had at its head John Morris-Jones, a professor of Welsh and a poet. A modern Welsh literature was created in which the various prose genres enjoyed almost the same esteem as the poetic, and drama flourished for the first time.