WIESEL, ELIE

born September 30, 1928, Sighet, Romania byname of Eliezer Wiesel Romanian-born Jewish writer whose works provide a sober yet passionate testament of the destruction of European Jewry during World War II. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1986. Wiesel's early life, spent in a small Hasidic community in the town of Sighet, was a rather hermetic existence of prayer and contemplation. In 1940 Sighet was annexed by Hungary, and, though the Hungarians were allied with Nazi Germany, it was not until the Germans invaded in March 1944 that the town was brought into the Holocaust. Within days, Jews were defined and their property confiscated. By April they were ghettoized, and on May 15 the deportations to Auschwitz began. Wiesel, his parents, and three sisters were deported to Auschwitz, where his mother and a sister were killed. He and his father were sent to Buna-Monowitz, the slave labour component of the Auschwitz camp. In January 1945 they were part of a death march to Buchenwald, where his father died on January 28 and from which Wiesel was liberated in April. After the war Wiesel settled in France, studied at the Sorbonne (194851), and wrote for French and Israeli newspapers. Wiesel went to the United States in 1956 and was naturalized in 1963. He was a professor at City College of New York (197276), and from 1976 he taught at Boston University, where he became Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities. During his time as a journalist in France, Wiesel was urged by the novelist Franois Mauriac to bear witness to what he had experienced in the concentration camps. The outcome was Wiesel's first book, in Yiddish, Un Di Velt Hot Geshvign (1956; And the World Has Remained Silent), abridged as La Nuit (1958; Night), a memoir of a young boy's spiritual reaction to Auschwitz. It is considered by some critics to be the most powerful literary expression of the Holocaust. His other works include La Ville de la chance (1962; Town of Luck; Eng. trans. The Town Beyond the Wall), a novel examining human apathy; Le Mendiant de Jrusalem (1968; A Beggar in Jerusalem), which raises the philosophical question of why people kill; Clbration hassidique (1972; Hasidic Celebration; Eng. trans. Souls on Fire), a critically acclaimed collection of Hasidic tales; Clbration biblique (1976; Biblical Celebration; Eng. trans. Messengers of God: Biblical Portraits and Legends); Le Testament d'un pote juif assassin (1980; The Testament of a Murdered Jewish Poet; Eng. trans. The Testament); Le Cinquime fils (1983; The Fifth Son); Le Crpuscule, au loin (1987; Distant Twilight; Eng. trans. Twilight); Le Mal et l'exil (1988; Evil and Exile ); L'Oubli (1989; The Forgotten); and Tous les fleuves vont la mer (1995; All Rivers Run to the Sea: Memoirs). All of Wiesel's works reflect, in some manner, his experiences as a survivor of the Holocaust and his attempt to resolve the ethical torment of why the Holocaust happened and what it revealed about human nature. He became a noted lecturer on the sufferings experienced by Jews and others during the Holocaust, and his ability to transform this personal concern into a universal condemnation of all violence, hatred, and oppression was largely responsible for his being awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. In 1978 U.S. President Jimmy Carter named Wiesel chairman of the President's Commission on the Holocaust, which recommended the creation of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Wiesel also served as the first chairman of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council. Additional reading Ellen Norman Stern, Elie Wiesel: Witness for Life (1982, reissued 1996), is a biography. Among many critical works on Wiesel's writings are Michael Berenbaum, The Vision of the Void: Theological Reflections on the Works of Elie Wiesel (1979, reissued as Elie Wiesel: God, the Holocaust, and the Children of Israel, 1994); Ted L. Estess, Elie Wiesel (1980); Ellen S. Fine, Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel (1982); Robert McAfee Brown, Elie Wiesel: Messenger to All Humanity, rev. ed. (1989); and Carol Rittner (ed.), Elie Wiesel: Between Memory and Hope (1990).