WOLFE, JAMES

born Jan. 2, 1727, Westerham, Kent, Eng. died Sept. 13, 1759, Quebec [now in Canada] commander of the British army at the capture of Quebec from the French in 1759, a victory that led to British supremacy in Canada. The elder son of Lieutenant General Edward Wolfe, he was commissioned in the Royal Marines in 1741 but transferred almost immediately to the 12th Foot. Wolfe was on active service continuously until the end of the War of the Austrian Succession, fighting against the French at Dettingen (1743) and later at Falkirk and Culloden (1746) during the Jacobite rebellion. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1750 and served as brigadier general under Major General Sir Jeffrey Amherst in an expedition against the French at Cape Breton Island (1758). The capture of Louisbourg, a fortress on the island, was largely attributed to Wolfe's daring and determination. Wolfe returned to England to restore his failing health, but there he received from William Pitt the acting rank of major general and command of the expedition to capture the city of Quebec. By late June 1759, Wolfe's entire convoy had passed up the St. Lawrence River and had reached the island of Orleans, which lay opposite Quebec along the river. The army of the French defender of Quebec, the marquis de Montcalm, was strongly entrenched on the high cliffs along the city's river frontage. Unable to lure Montcalm out from the safety of his defenses, Wolfe on July 31 ordered an assault on the Beauport shore east of the city, which proved to be a costly failure. Mortally ill with tuberculosis, Wolfe endured great pain and anxiety while the siege dragged on throughout August. At the end of that month, he and his brigadiers agreed on a plan to land troops across the river a short distance upstream and to the west of Quebec. The resulting attack, which involved scaling the cliffs only one mile from the city, was carried out on September 12 and surprised the French on the level fields of the Plains of Abraham. On September 13, after a battle lasting less than an hour, the French fled. Wolfe, wounded twice early in the battle, died of a third wound, but not before he knew Quebec had fallen to his troops. Montcalm survived him by only a few hours. Quebec surrendered on September 18, and in 1760 Amherst received the surrender of Montreal and the rest of Canada. Additional reading Francis Parkman, Montcalm and Wolfe (1855, reprinted 1964); Robin Reilly, The Rest to Fortune: The Life of Major General James Wolfe (1960); W.T. Waugh, James Wolfe, Man and Soldier (1928).