YAKUB BEG

born 1820, Pskente, Kokand [now in Uzbekistan] died May 16, 1877, Kashgaria [now in Sinkiang province, China] Tajik adventurer who entered northwest China in 1864 and through a series of military and political maneuvers took advantage of the anti-Chinese uprisings of its Muslim inhabitants to establish himself as head of the kingdom of Kashgaria. Expanding northward in the area of modern Sinkiang province, he attracted the attention of the Ottoman sultan, who made Yakub the emir of Kashgaria. During the turmoil, the Russians occupied parts of Chinese Turkistan and Sinkiang and then encouraged Yakub to sign a commercial treaty in 1872. The following year, the Britishto ensure a buffer zone between India and the southward-expanding Russian Empiresigned a similar treaty with Kashgaria. Those two treaties, in effect, gave Kashgaria international recognition. But the Chinese, who had been occupied with rebellions and invasions in other parts of their empire, then decided to take decisive action against Yakub. An army under the noted Chinese scholar-general Tso Tsung-t'ang (181285) advanced rapidly westward toward Kashgaria. On May 16, 1877, with the fall of Yakub's capital city of Turfan, the kingdom of Kashgaria came to an end, and Yakub committed suicide.