ZINNEMANN, FRED

born April 29, 1907, Vienna, Austria died March 14, 1997, London, Eng. Austrian-born American motion-picture director whose films are distinguished by realism of atmosphere and characterization. Zinnemann studied law at the University of Vienna (192527) and then decided he wanted to make movies. In pursuit of this career, he studied cinematography in Paris (192728). In 1929 he immigrated to the United States, becoming a citizen in 1937. In Hollywood he became an assistant to Robert Flaherty, a pioneer in documentary filmmaking. This experience influenced all of Zinnemann's subsequent feature films, which show a rigorous authenticity in subject matter and style. He spent the next decade making documentaries, earning two Academy Awards for them. He also began directing feature films, such as The Search (1947), a moving account of refugee children in Europe, which introduced the actor Montgomery Clift. In The Men (1950), Zinnemann employed paraplegic war veterans as actors and provided Marlon Brando with his screen debut. His classic High Noon (1952) was one of the first westerns in which the protagonist did not assume the epic proportions usual to this genre. Zinnemann's other films include The Member of the Wedding (1953); From Here to Eternity (1953), for which he received an Academy Award as best director; Oklahoma (1955); A Man For All Seasons (1966), for which he received yet another Academy Award; The Day of the Jackal (1973); and Five Days One Summer (1982). A recurrent theme in Zinnemann's movies is the crisis of moral courage, requiring an individual to face his conscience and choose between maintaining his personal integrity or conforming to external demands.