< mathematics > A number of the form x+iy where i is the square root of -1, and x and y are real number s, known as the "real" and "imaginary" part. Complex numbers can be plotted as points on a two-dimensional plane, known as an Argand diagram , where x and y are the Cartesian coordinates .
An alternative, polar notation, expresses a complex number as (r e^it) where e is the base of natural logarithms , and r and t are real numbers, known as the magnitude and phase. The two forms are related:
r e^it = r cos(t) + i r sin(t) = x + i y where x = r cos(t) y = r sin(t)
All solutions of any polynomial equation can be expressed as complex numbers. This is the so-called Fundamental Theorem of Algebra , first proved by Cauchy.
Complex numbers are useful in many fields of physics, such as electromagnetism because they are a useful way of representing a magnitude and phase as a single quantity.
(1995-04-10)