The compiler phase that orders instructions on a pipelined , superscalar , or VLIW architecture so as to maximise the number of function units operating in parallel and to minimise the time they spend waiting for each other.
Examples are filling a delay slot ; interspersing floating-point instructions with integer instructions to keep both units operating; making adjacent instructions independent, e.g. one which writes a register and another which reads from it; separating memory writes to avoid filling the write buffer .
Norman P. Jouppi and David W. Wall, "Available Instruction-Level Parallelism for Superscalar and Superpipelined Processors" , Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, pp. 272--282, 1989.
[The SPARC Architecture Manual, v8, ISBN 0-13-825001-4]