ə̇nˈklüd transitive verb
( -ed/-ing/-s )
Etymology: Middle English includen, encluden, from Latin includere, from in- in- (II) + -cludere (from claudere to close) — more at close
1. : to shut up : confine , enclose , bound
the nutshell includes the kernel
that divine spark included in every human being
2.
a. : to place, list, or rate as a part or component of a whole or of a larger group, class, or aggregate
included a sum for tips in his estimate of expenses
b. : to take in, enfold, or comprise as a discrete or subordinate part or item of a larger aggregate, group, or principle
in search of a formula which should cover everything … even if it included more than I wished — T.S.Eliot
3. obsolete : to bring to an end : terminate
Synonyms:
subsume , embrace , comprehend , imply , involve , implicate : include and subsume agree in indicating the enclosure or containment by a larger class or whole of a smaller class or specific item or part. include , the more common term, may call more attention to the single item or smaller class by stressing the fact of its existence or the fact of its not having been overlooked
it would not be argued today that the power to regulate does not include the power to prohibit — O.W.Holmes †1935
numerous pretty things, or things supposed to be pretty … including such absurdities as paper knives with fretwork handles — Herbert Spencer
subsume , orig. a technical term in logic and still an erudite term, may call more attention to the larger class or more comprehensive principle, may stress the fact of its existence
free verse … is a larger rhythmic movement which subsumes other rhythms — J.L.Lowes
I suggest that in every beautiful building its uses, its representative elements, are indeed subsumed into the form — Samuel Alexander
embrace may sometimes suggest marked effort at enclosing; it may be used with that which is vast or is quite varied in designation or classification
Virginia … embraced in its possessions the present states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin — C.G.Bowers
freedom of speech … embraces all discussion which enriches human life and helps it to be more wisely led — Zechariah Chafee
comprehend may suggest a noteworthy range or scope in which something is enclosed or held
to find universal law, to comprehend all experience in a closed system — W.R.Inge
to comprehend in a single view polities of the most varied and discrepant character — G.L.Dickinson
imply , involve , and implicate indicate somewhat similar relationships. imply suggests drawing attention by inference to a certain existence or relationship, not by direct statement
ordinarily imitation is enough to imply that the matter imitated is important at least to the sale of the goods — O.W.Holmes †1935
It is applicable to what is logically inferential but not absolutely certain
it would be argued that culture implies a certain freedom from parochialism — Bertrand Russell
involve , on the other hand, may apply to more certain relationship and connection since it may postulate a necessary effect or consequence
in every genuine metaphysical debate some practical issue, however conjectural or remote, is involved — William James
faith involves an act of the will — W.R.Inge
implicate postulates through one actuality or existence the fact of another but fails to suggest an effect or consequence
purpose implicates in the most organic way an individual self — John Dewey
colors are sumptuous and rich just because a total organic resonance is deeply implicated in them — John Dewey
a catalyzing agent has been compared to a parson, who marries others without participating in the event himself. He is implicated, but not involved — L.K.Anspacher