BRAZIL, HISTORY OF

history of the area from pre-European times to the present. Additional reading E. Bradford Burns, A History of Brazil, 3rd ed. (1993), provides a sweeping view of the Brazilian past and a comprehensive historical interpretation. E. Bradford Burns (ed.), Perspectives on Brazilian History (1967), is a collection of translated essays by major Brazilian historians. Further bibliographic information can be found in Francis A. Dutra, A Guide to the History of Brazil, 15001822: The Literature in English (1980); and Robert M. Levine, Brazil, 18221930: An Annotated Bibliography for Social Historians (1983), and Brazil Since 1930: An Annotated Bibliography for Social Historians (1980).Brazil's colonial past is detailed in Bailey W. Diffie, A History of Colonial Brazil, 15001792 (1987), on the origins and growth of colonial Brazil; Leslie Bethell (ed.), Colonial Brazil (1987), seven interpretive essays; Gilberto Freyre, The Masters and the Slaves: Casa-Grande & Senzala: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization, 2nd ed. rev. (1970, reissued 1986; originally published in Portuguese, 1933), a classic study of life under slavery in the plantation house; Stuart B. Schwartz, Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 15501835 (1985), an analysis of an important factor in the development of Brazil's social institutions; Kenneth R. Maxwell, Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 17501808 (1973), a significant interpretive study of the background to Brazilian independence; and Caio Prado Junior, The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil (1967; originally published in Portuguese, 1942), a discussion of the predominant institutions implanted during the long colonial past and their impact on Brazil on the eve of independence.The imperial period is the subject of Gilberto Freyre, The Mansions and the Shanties: The Making of Modern Brazil (1963, reissued 1986; originally published in Portuguese, 1936); Roderick J. Barman, Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 17981852 (1988), a thoughtful interpretation of the emergence of the nation-state; Emlia Viotti da Costa, The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories, rev. ed. (1985; originally published in Portuguese, 1977), a review of the 19th century; and Clarence H. Haring, Empire in Brazil: A New World Experiment with Monarchy (1958, reissued 1968), an introduction to the period.An overview of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is provided by Gilberto Freyre, Order and Progress: Brazil from Monarchy to Republic (1970, reissued 1986; originally published in Portuguese, 2 vol., 1959). Other topics within this period are covered in Stanley J. Stein, Vassouras, a Brazilian Coffee County, 18501900 (1957, reprinted 1985), on the plantation economy; Richard Graham, Britain and the Onset of Modernization in Brazil 18501914 (1968, reprinted 1972), a study of the British influence on modernization; Warren Dean, The Industrialization of So Paolo, 18801945 (1969), which links industrialization and coffee exports; and Marshall C. Eakin, British Enterprise in Brazil: The St. John d'el Rey Mining Company and the Morro Velho Gold Mine, 18301960 (1989), a study of technology and society.Peter Flynn, Brazil, a Political Analysis (1978), gives a detailed overview of political conditions from the 1930s. Ronald M. Schneider, Order and Progress: A Political History of Brazil (1991), details the history of the military, particularly during the 194585 period. Other works covering the same periods include Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 19301964: An Experiment in Democracy (1967), a detailed political study, and The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 19641985 (1988), covering the period of transition from military dictatorships to democracy. Richard P. Momsen, Jr. E. Bradford Burns