FIVE PECKS OF RICE

Chinese (WadeGiles romanization) Wu-tou-mi, Pinyin Wudoumi great Taoist-inspired popular movement that occurred near the end of China's Han dynasty (206 BCAD 220) and greatly weakened the government. The Five Pecks of Rice movement became a prototype of the religiously inspired popular rebellions that were to periodically erupt throughout China for the next 2,000 years. The movement was begun early in the 2nd century AD by Chang Ling, considered the founder and first patriarch of the Taoist church in China. Chang began his career as a faith healer, and his movement took the name of the five pecks of rice a year that clients paid him either for their cure or as dues of the cult. Chang was succeeded as t'ien shih (celestial master) by his son Chang Heng, who was in turn succeeded by his son Chang Lu. By Chang Lu's time, poverty and misery had become endemic to the peasantry of central China. Taking advantage of the resulting discontent, Chang Lu formed his own army and set up an independent theocratic state, which established free wayside inns for travelers, dealt leniently with criminals, and promoted the spread of the Taoist religion. In developing this state, Chang Lu was joined by another Taoist leader, Chang Hsiu (no relation). Together they managed to extend the rebellion until it covered all of present-day Szechwan province. But the two leaders eventually came into conflict with each other, and Chang Lu killed Chang Hsiu. In AD 215 Chang Lu surrendered to the great Han general Ts'ao Ts'ao, who rewarded him with high rank and a princely fief.