KELLY, GENE

born August 23, 1912, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. died February 2, 1996, Beverly Hills, California in full Eugene Curran Kelly American dancer, actor, choreographer, and motion picture director whose athletic style of dancing, combined with classical ballet technique, transformed the movie musical and did much to change the American public's conception of male dancers. One of five children born to a record company sales executive and a former actress, Kelly dreamed of becoming a professional athlete, but was redirected into dancing by his mother. He majored in journalism at Pennsylvania State College (now University) and economics at the University of Pittsburgh (A.B., 1933), but the allure of performing proved too strong to resist. He toured in vaudeville with his brother Fred (later a prolific stage and television director), and for several years ran a successful dancing school in Pittsburgh. In 1938 he moved to New York City and won a role as a chorus member in Cole Porter's Leave It to Me, figuring prominently in star Mary Martin's showstopping number My Heart Belongs to Daddy. The following year he was cast in the flashy role of Harry the Hoofer in William Saroyan's Pulitzer Prize-winning play The Time of Your Life and in 1940 he achieved stardom with his likeable interpretation of the raffish protagonist in the Rodgers and Hart musical drama Pal Joey. Before leaving New York in 1941, he also choreographed the hit musicals Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe (1940) and Best Foot Forward (1941). Invited to Hollywood by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1942, he made his film debut opposite Judy Garland in For Me and My Gal, immediately endearing himself to moviegoers with his carefree acting and spontaneous, athletic dancing style. But it was not until he was loaned to Columbia Pictures to costar in the Rita Hayworth musical Cover Girl (1944) that he was able to bring his own special artistic vision to the big screen. Before Kelly's arrival, the movie musical had been divided into essentially two basic styles: the splashy, impersonal, girl-filled extravaganzas of Busby Berkeley and the intimate personality vehicles of Fred Astaire. Kelly adroitly bridged the gap between Berkeley's cinematic pyrotechnics and Astaire's straightforward theatrical approach with Cover Girl's Alter Ego number, in which, with the aid of meticulously timed special-effects work, he performed a two-man challenge dance with himself. He introduced another innovation in Anchors Aweigh (1945), when he danced with an animated-cartoon mouse, and in The Pirate (1948) he staged the first of his many filmed ballets, boldly blending solo dancing, mass movement, offbeat camera angles, and vibrant colours to tell a story in purely visual terms. On the Town (1949), codirected by Kelly and his longtime assistant Stanley Donen, further transcended the limits of the Hollywood soundstage with an unforgettable opening musical number filmed entirely on location in the streets of New York City. Kelly surpassed this triumph two years later with the Academy Award-winning An American in Paris (1951). Climaxed by a spectacular 13-minute ballet that incorporated visual motifs of French Post-Impressionism, the film was singled out by critics and filmgoers alike as Kelly's masterpiece. Since the mid-1970s, however, its reputation has been eclipsed by Singin' in the Rain (1952), a witty and upbeat spoof of Hollywood during the talkie revolution. With its perfectly balanced mixture of singing, dancing, comedy, and romance, Singin' in the Rain is now universally regarded as the greatest film musical ever made. He subsequently codirected and starred in It's Always Fair Weather (1955), one of the few musicals to make creative use of the CinemaScope (wide-screen) format. Equally praiseworthy was his first solo directorial effort, the wordless concert feature Invitation to the Dance (filmed in 1952, released in 1956). But as the '50s wore on, the movie-musical genre fell victim to mounting production costs and diminishing box-office returns. Consequently, Kelly's film career lost much of its momentum, though he made several credible dramatic appearances in such films as Crest of the Wave (1954) and Inherit the Wind (1960). He also directed but did not appear in The Tunnel of Love (1958), Gigot (1962), A Guide for the Married Man (1967), Hello Dolly! (1969), and The Cheyenne Social Club (1970). During the last three decades of his life, he received dozens of awards and honours, among them the French Legion of Honour for his choreography of the Paris Opra Ballet Pas de Deux (1960) and a Life Achievement Award from the American Film Institute. Despite periodic illnesses, he remained active until two years before his death. Additional reading Clive Hirschhorn, Gene Kelly: A Biography (1974, reissued 1984); Alvin Yudkoff, Gene Kelly: A Life of Dance and Dreams (1999).