KOOL AND THE GANG

American funk and pop band from Jersey City, New Jersey, that was one of the first successful self-contained black bands of the 1970s. The principal members were Khalis Bayyan (byname of Ronald Bell; b. Nov. 1, 1951, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.), Robert (Kool) Bell (b. Oct. 8, 1950, Youngstown), Claydes Smith (b. Sept. 6, 1948, Jersey City), George (Funky) Brown (b. Jan. 5, 1949, Jersey City), Dennis (DT) Thomas (b. Feb. 9, 1951, Jersey City), Robert (Spike) Mickens (b. Jersey City ),Rick West (original name Richard Westfield; b. Jersey City ),and James (JT) Taylor (b. Aug. 16, 1953, Laurens, S.C.). The group's first charting single, Kool and the Gang, a horn-driven, highly rhythmic instrumental dance track, was followed by a steady string of similar singles through 1976. The band's commercial breakthrough came in 1973 with the album Wild and Peaceful, which featured the singles Funky Stuff, Jungle Boogie, and Hollywood Swinging, all of which reached the rhythm-and-blues Top Ten. Their sound was an innovative fusion of jazz, African rhythms, and street funk that established the band as an innovator in black music until the onset of the disco era. However, when their single Open Sesame was reissued on the soundtrack for the motion picture Saturday Night Fever in 1977, Kool and the Gang shifted emphasis toward pop and disco. In 1979 the band added lead vocalist Taylor and producer Eumir Deodato, which led to a cleaner, pop-driven sound and to the crossover single Ladies' Night. Numerous hits followed, including the number one hit Celebration in 1980, as well the sentimental pop songs Joanna in 1983 and Cherish in 1985. Kool and the Gang charted more pop singles than any other act in the 1980s. Rickey Vincent Additional reading Kool and the Gang are profiled in Rickey Vincent, Funk: The Music, the People, and the Rhythm of the One (1996), pp. 182184; Irwin Stambler, Encyclopedia of Pop, Rock & Soul, rev. ed. (1989), pp. 380382; Colin Larkin (ed.), The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music, 2nd ed., vol. 3 (1995); and Patricia Romanowski, Holly George-Warren, and Jon Pareles (eds.), The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll (1995), pp. 554555. The recording of their top singles is chronicled in Adam White and Fred Bronson, The Billboard Book of Number One Rhythm & Blues Hits (1993). Representative Works: Live at the Sex Machine (1971) Wild and Peaceful (1973) Spirit of the Boogie (1975) Ladies' Night (1979) Celebrate! (1980)