WARNING SYSTEM

in military science, any method used to detect the situation or intention of an enemy so that warning can be given. Because military tactics from time immemorial have stressed the value of surprise-through timing, location of attack, route, and weight and character of arms-defenders have sought to construct warning systems to cope with all these tactics. Many types of warning systems exist. Long-term, or political, warning systems employ diplomatic, political, technological, and economic indicators to forecast hostilities. The defender may react by strengthening defenses, by negotiating treaties or concessions, or by taking other action. Political warning, equivocal and incapable of disclosing fully an attacker's intention, often results in an unevaluated and neglected situation. Medium-term, or strategic, warning, usually involving a time span of a few days or weeks, is a notification or judgment that hostilities may be imminent. Short-term, or tactical, warning, often hours or minutes in advance, is a notification that the enemy has initiated hostilities. Warning and detecting are separate functions. The sensors or detection devices perceive either the attack, the possibilities of an attack, the nearness of the enemy, his location, his size, his activities, his weapon capability, or some changes in his political, economic, technical, or military posture. Warning systems include detection devices but also imply the judgments, decisions, and actions that follow receipt of the sensor's information. Warning encompasses communications, analysis of information, decisions, and appropriate actions. Visual observation still remains important, supplemented by telescopes, cameras, heat-sensing devices, low-light-level devices, radar, acoustic, seismic, chemical, and nuclear detection devices. The product, or output, of these sensors is complicated and voluminous and requires computers to condense and summarize the data for the decision maker. Often, the most expensive portion and weakest link of the warning system is not the sensor but the communication and evaluation systems. Technology of all types is required in modern warning systems. Additional reading Airborne warning and control systems are discussed in Arnold Lee Tessmer, Politics of Compromise: NATO and AWACS (1988); and Mike Hirst, Airborne Early Warning: Design, Development, and Operations (1983). Daniel Ford, The Button: The Pentagon's Strategic Command and Control System (1985); United States. Congress. Committee On Government Operations, Our Nation's Nuclear Warning System: Will It Work If We Need It? (1986); and Stephen Kirby and Gordon Robson (eds.), The Militarisation of Space (1987), study missile-attack warning systems. Use of electronics in military engineering is the subject of Charles M. Davis et al., Fiberoptic Sensor Technology Handbook (1982); and Richard G. Wiley, Electronic Intelligence, the Interception of Radar Signals (1985). The Editors of the Encyclopdia Britannica