KARA KOYUNLU

or Qara Qoyunlu

(Turkish; " Black Sheep ")

Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan and Iraq ( 0441; 1375–1468).

Their second leader, Kara Y 016B; suf (r. 1390–1400, 1406–20), secured their independence by seizing Tabr 012B; z, the capital of the Jal 0101; yrid dynasty. He was beaten back by the armies of Timur but regained Tabr 012B; z in 1406. He captured Baghdad in 1410. His successor, Jih 0101; n Shah, died in battle against a rival Turkmen federation, the Ak Koyunlu, in 1466, and the empire fell in 1468.