Territory (pop., 2001 prelim.: 200,019), northern Australia.
It covers an area of 520,900 sq mi (1,349,130 sq km). Its capital is Darwin ; the only other sizable town is Alice Springs . Most of the people are of European descent; about one-fifth are Australian Aboriginal s. It consists mainly of tableland, with the Simpson Desert in the southeast and the Arnhem Land plateau in the north. It was inhabited by Aboriginals for thousands of years; they held Ayers Rock as central to their culture. The coast was explored by the Dutch in the 17th century and surveyed in the early 19th century by Matthew Flinders . First included as part of New South Wales , it was annexed to South Australia in 1863. It reverted to being under direct control of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1911. The northern parts were bombed by the Japanese in World War II and occupied by Allied troops. It was granted self-government within the Commonwealth in 1978. It remains sparsely inhabited; its economy rests on cattle farming, mining, government services, and a growing tourism industry.