Any chemical process in which substances are changed into different ones, with different properties, as distinct from changing position or form ( phase ).
Chemical reactions involve the rupture or rearrangement of the bonds holding atom s together (see bonding ), never atomic nuclei. The total mass and number of atoms of all reactants equals those of all products, and energy is almost always consumed or liberated (see heat of reaction ). The speed of reactions varies (see reaction rate ). Understanding their mechanisms lets chemists alter reaction conditions to optimize the rate or the amount of a given product; the reversibility of the reaction and the presence of competing reactions and intermediate products complicate these studies. Reactions can be syntheses, decompositions, or rearrangements, or they can be additions, eliminations, or substitutions. Examples include oxidation-reduction , polymerization , ionization (see ion ), combustion (burning), hydrolysis , and acid - base reactions.