I
(Arabic; " trial " or " test ")
In the Islamic tradition, trials or temptations that test the unity of the Muslim community.
The term may be used to describe insurrection or civil warfare or, more specifically, to define a tribunal over doctrinal issues, broadly similar to the Christian Inquisition . There were four fitnah s in the early history of Islam. The first (656–661) followed the murder of the third caliph, Sunnite and the Shīite branches. The second coincided with the caliphate of Yazīd I (680–683); it was a continuation of the struggle between claimants to the caliphate and led to the death of al- Husayn ibn Alī at the Battle of Karbalā
another formative event in the Sunnite-Shīʽite split. The third fitnah (744–750) resulted in the ascendancy of the Abbāsid dynasty . The fourth evolved from the caliphate's support for the Mutazilite theological school and successfully challenged the caliph's authority to enforce doctrinal rigour.
II
[c mediumvioletred] (as used in expressions)
Scholastic Aptitude Test
impact test
test tube conception
patch test
Test Act
Turing test
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
hypothesis testing
psychological testing
testing machine
field trial
trial jury
{{link=Scopes Trial">Scopes Trial
Nürnberg trials
purge trials
Salem witch trials