ALTITUDE SICKNESS

also called Mountain Sickness, acute reaction to a change from sea level or other low-altitude environments to altitudes above 8,000 feet (2,400 m). It is a condition in which the body is starved of oxygen because of the thinness of the air at high altitudes. Mountain climbers, pilots, and persons living at high altitudes are the most likely to be affected. The symptoms of altitude sickness fall into four main categories: (1) respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath upon exertion, and deeper and more rapid breathing; (2) mental or muscular symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, dizziness, lassitude, headache, sleeplessness, decreased mental acuity, decreased muscular coordination, and impaired sight and hearing; (3) cardiac symptoms such as pain in the chest, palpitations, and irregular heartbeat; and (4) gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. The symptoms usually occur within six hours to four days after arrival at high altitude and disappear within two to five days as acclimatization occurs. Although most people gradually recover as they adapt to the low atmospheric pressure of high altitude, some persons experience a reaction that can be severe and, unless they return to low altitude, possibly fatal. At higher altitudes, the air becomes thinner and the amount of breathable oxygen decreases. The lower barometric pressures of high altitudes lead to a lower partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli, or air sacs in the lungs, which in turn decreases the amount of oxygen absorbed from the alveoli by red blood cells for transport to the body's tissues. The resulting insufficiency of oxygen in the arterial blood supply causes the characteristic symptoms of altitude sickness. The main protection against altitude sickness in aircraft is the use of pressurized air in cabins. Mountain climbers often use a mixture of pure oxygen and air to relieve altitude sickness while climbing high mountains. The more serious type of altitude sickness, pulmonary edema, occurs rarely among newcomers to altitude but more often affects those who have already become acclimated to high elevations and are returning after several days at sea level. In pulmonary edema, fluid accumulates in the lungs and prevents the victim from obtaining sufficient oxygen. The symptoms are quickly reversed when oxygen is given and the individual is evacuated to a lower area. Altitude sickness had been recognized as early as the 16th century, but it was the French physician Paul Bert who, in 1878, demonstrated that its symptoms are the result of a deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues of the body. The disorder has become of increasing concern as improved transportation has made it possible for large numbers of tourists to visit previously inaccessible mountain sites high in the Andes, Himalayas, and Rockies.