ANDRADE, OSWALD DE

born Jan. 11, 1890, So Paulo, Brazil died Oct. 22, 1954, So Paulo in full Jos Oswald De Sousa Andrade poet, playwright, and novelist, social agitator and revolutionary, one of the leaders of Brazil's Modernist movement in the arts. Born into a wealthy and aristocratic family, Andrade traveled extensively in Europe during his youth and there became aware of avant-garde literary trends in Paris and Italy. After his return to So Paulo, where he received his degree in law in 1919, he and Mrio de Andrade (no relation) helped organize the Semana de Arte Moderna (Week of Modern Art) at So Paulo in 1922, to introduce the Modernist movement to the public. Focusing specifically on the nationalistic aspects of Modernism, Andrade, in his literary manifesto Pau-Brasil (1925; Brazil Wood), called for a rejection of Portuguese social and literary artifice and a return to what he saw as the primitive spontaneity of expression of the indigenous Brazilians, emphasizing the need for modern Brazil to become aware of its own heritage. To this end, he founded the literary movement known as Antropofagia (Cannibalism), a splinter group of Modernism, which, although short-lived, proved influential in its emphasis on folklore and native themes. Intent on bringing about social as well as literary reform in Brazil, Andrade joined the Communist Party in 1931 but left it, disillusioned, in 1945. He remained a controversial figure for his radical political views and his often belligerent outspokenness. In the years after his death, his novels, especially Memrias Sentimentais de Joo Miramar (1924; Sentimental Memoirs of Joo Miramar), came to be appreciated for their originality of style, rather than solely for their ideological or historical significance.