ARNE, THOMAS (AUGUSTINE)

born March 12, 1710, London died March 5, 1778, London composer, chiefly of dramatic music and song. According to tradition, Arne was the son of an upholsterer in King Street, Covent Garden. Educated at Eton, he was intended for the law, but by secretly practicing he acquired such mastery of the violin and keyboard instruments that his father withdrew all objections to a musical career. Except for some lessons from Michael Festing, later leader of the Italian Opera orchestra, Arne was self-taught, and it was at the Opera (which he attended in a footman's livery to obtain free admission) that his musical taste was largely formed. He taught both his sister, later famous as the actress Mrs. Cibber, and his young brother to sing, and they appeared in his first stage work, Rosamond (1733). This opera, based on Joseph Addison's libretto of 1707, was set after the Italian manner, and its bravura air Rise, Glory, Rise was sung for the next 40 years. Arne was soon engaged to write musical afterpieces and incidental music for Drury Lane Theatre, and with Comus (1738), John Dalton's adaptation of Milton's masque, he became established as the leading English lyric composer. His light, airy, pleasing melodic style was apparent in Alfred, a Masque (notable for Rule, Britannia) and The Judgment of Paris, both produced at the Prince of Wales's residence at Cliveden in 1740. Arne's settings of Shakespeare's songs, written for revivals of As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merchant of Venice in 174041, provide the culmination of this early style. In about 1744 Arne was engaged as composer to Drury Lane Theatre and Vauxhall Gardens, and during the next decade published a number of song collections. In 1759 he was made doctor of music at Oxford, and two years later his oratorio Judith was produced, followed by the opera Artaxerxes (1762), which held the stage until the early 19th century. In the final decade of his life, Arne set Garrick's ode for the Stratford Shakespeare jubilee of 1769 and composed music for The Fairy Prince (1771), Mason's Elfrida (1772), and Caractacus (1776). Arne's early melodic style was natural and elegant, owing something to Scots, Irish, and Italian sources. His later music became more Italianate and ornamented, though in his final years there emerged an opera buffa style that anticipates Sullivan. As the composer of such melodies as Rule, Britannia, Blow, Blow, Thou Winter Wind, and Where the Bee Sucks, Arne, like Purcell, added substantially to the English heritage of song.