BODIN, JEAN

born 1530, Angers, France died June 1596, Laon French political philosopher whose exposition of the principles of stable government was widely influential in Europe at a time when medieval systems were giving way to centralized states. In 1551 Bodin went to the University of Toulouse to study civil law and remained there, as student or teacher, until 1561. That year he abandoned the teaching of law for its practice and returned to Paris as avocat du roi, just as the civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots were starting. In 1571 he entered the household of the king's brother, Franois, Duke d'Alenon, as master of requests and councillor. He himself appeared only once on the public scene, and that was as deputy of the third estate for Vermandois at the Estates-General of Blois in 1576. His disinterested conduct on that occasion lost him royal favour. He opposed the projected resumption of war on the Huguenots in favour of negotiation with them, and he also opposed Henry III's suggested alienation, or sale, of royal domains as damaging to the monarchy. When the Duke d'Alenon died in 1583, Bodin retired to Laon as procurateur to the presidial court. He remained there until his death 13 years later, from the plague. Bodin's principal writing, Six Livres de la Rpublique (1576; The Six Bookes of a Commonweale, 1606), won him immediate fame and was influential in western Europe into the 17th century. The bitter experience of civil war and its attendant anarchy in France had turned Bodin's attention to the problem of how to secure order and authority in a state. Bodin thought that the secret lay in recognition of the sovereignty of the state. According to him, supreme power is the distinctive mark of the state. This power is unique, absolute in that no limits of time or competence can be placed upon it, and self-subsisting in that it does not depend for its validity on the consent of the subject. Bodin assumed that governments command by divine right because government is instituted by providence for the well-being of humanity. Government consists essentially of the power to command, as expressed in the making of laws. In a well-ordered state, this power is exercised subject to the principles of divine and natural law; in other words, the Ten Commandments are enforced, and certain fundamental rights, chiefly liberty and property, are extended to those governed. But should these conditions be violated, the sovereign still commands and may not be resisted by his subjects, whose whole duty is obedience to their ruler. Bodin distinguished only three types of political systemsmonarchy, aristocracy, and democracyaccording to whether sovereign power rests in one person, in a minority, or in a majority. Bodin himself preferred a monarchy that was kept informed of the peoples' needs by a parliament or estates-general.