BOTVINNIK, MIKHAIL MOISEYEVICH

born Aug. 17 [Aug. 4, Old Style], 1911, St. Petersburg, Russia died May 5, 1995, Moscow Soviet chess master who held the world championship three times (194857, 195860, 196163). At the age of 14, less than two years after he had learned the moves of chess, Botvinnik defeated the then-current world champion, Jos Ral Capablanca, in one game of an exhibition in which Capablanca played simultaneously against several opponents. In 1931 Botvinnik won the chess championship of the Soviet Union for the first of seven times. He won the world championship in a 1948 tournament held to choose a successor to Alexander Alekhine, whose death in 1946 had left the title vacant. Botvinnik lost the title in 1957 to Vasily Smyslov but regained it the following year; in 1960 he was challenged successfully by Mikhail Tal but once more regained the championship in 1961. After losing to Tigran Petrosyan in 1963, he abandoned competition for the world title, though he continued to play in important tournaments and to write on chess. Botvinnik's style of play was eclectic, methodical, and rational rather than strongly intuitive. He wrote numerous books on chess, and his scientific approach influenced a generation of Soviet chess players, among them Anatoly Karpov and Gary Kasparov. Botvinnik graduated as an electrical engineer from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in 1932 and from 1955 was an associate of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Electrical Energy.