BOY SCOUTS

organization of boys from 11 to 14 or 15 years of age that aims to develop in them good citizenship, chivalrous behaviour, and skill in various outdoor activities. The Boy Scout movement was founded in Great Britain in 1908 by a then cavalry officer, Lieutenant General Robert S.S. (later Lord) Baden-Powell, who had written a book called Scouting for Boys (1908) but who was perhaps better-known as the defender of Mafeking in the South African War. Baden-Powell's book described many games and contests that he had used to train cavalry troops in scouting, and this book became popular reading among the boys of Great Britain. Prior to the book's publication, Baden-Powell held an experimental camp on Brownsea Island off the coast of southern England in which he put into practice his ideas on the training of boys. Baden-Powell's idea was that boys should organize themselves into small natural subgroups of six or seven under a boy leaderthe patrol and patrol leader. Their training would consist of such things as tracking and reconnaissance, mapping, signaling, knotting, first aid, and all the skills that arise from camping and similar outdoor activities. To become a scout a boy would promise to be loyal to his country, help other people, and in general obey the scout law, itself a simple code of chivalrous behaviour easily understood by the boy. This basic pattern of scouting aims and emphases has continued. In every country where scouting exists it involves a scout oath or promise; a scout law, with such small variations as national traditions and culture demand; an emphasis on the delights of the outdoor life and the pursuit of such outdoor activities as camping, swimming, sailing, climbing, canoeing, and exploring caves; a progressive training rewarded by the granting of certain badges; and the encouragement of a daily good deed. In every country, too, the highest proficiency is marked by the award of a special badge (e.g., the Eagle Scout Badge in the United States and the Queen's Scout Badge in Canada and Great Britain). The symbols of the scouts include the handshake with the left hand, the fleur-de-lis badge, and the motto Be Prepared. Baden-Powell had intended his ideas to be used by existing youth organizations in Britain, but it was soon obvious that a new movement had come into being, and the Boy Scouts quickly spread to other countries. By 1910 there were Boy Scout troops in Sweden, Mexico, Argentina, and the United States, as well as such Commonwealth countries as Canada, Australia, and South Africa. By the late 20th century there were Boy Scout organizations in 110 nations. Boy Scout units, or troops, are divided into individual subgroups, or patrols, and hold regular meetings. Scout troops are sponsored on the local level by churches, schools, fraternal organizations, and other community groups. An adult scoutmaster heads each troop. Since 1920 international scout meetings, or world jamborees, have been held every four years. These are gatherings of thousands of scouts representing their countries and camping together in friendship. There have also been innumerable national camps which parties of scouts from neighbouring countries attend. The Boy Scout movement was intended for boys aged 11 to 14 or 15, but it soon became apparent that programs for younger and older boys were needed. Accordingly, in 1916 Baden-Powell founded a parallel organization for younger boys, the Wolf Cubs (known in some countries as Cub Scouts). For boys older than 14 or 15 years, there are special groups known variously as Sea Explorers, Explorers, and other similar names. See also Girl Scouts.