BRENTANO, FRANZ (CLEMENS)

born Jan. 16, 1838, Marienberg, Hesse-Nassau died March 17, 1917, Zrich, Switz. German philosopher generally regarded as the founder of act psychology, or intentionalism, which concerns itself with the acts of the mind rather than with the contents of the mind. He was a nephew of the poet Clemens Brentano. Brentano was ordained a Roman Catholic priest (1864) and appointed Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) in philosophy (1866) and professor (1872) at the University of Wrzburg. Religious doubts, exacerbated by the dogma of papal infallibility (1870), led to his resignation from his post and the priesthood (1873). Brentano then began writing one of his best-known and most influential works, Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkte (1874; Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint), in which he tried to present a systematic psychology that would be a science of the soul. Concerned with mental processes, or acts, he revived and modernized the scholastic philosophical theory of intentional existence, or, as he called it, immanent objectivity; in psychical phenomena, he held, there is a direction of the mind to an objecte.g., one sees something. The object seen is said to inexist within the act of seeing or to have immanent objectivity. He suggested that, fundamentally, the mind can refer to objects by perception and ideation, including sensing and imagining; by judgment, including acts of acknowledgment, rejection, and recall; and by loving or hating, which take into account desires, intentions, wishes, and feelings. The ideas expressed in the Psychologie formed the credo of his followers and became the starting point of their work. In 1874 Brentano was appointed professor at the University of Vienna. His decision to marry in 1880 was blocked by Austrian authorities, who refused to accept his resignation from the priesthood and, considering him still a cleric, denied him permission to marry. He was forced to resign his professorship, and he moved with his wife to Leipzig. The following year he was allowed to return to the University of Vienna as a Privatdozent, and he remained there until 1895. He enjoyed wide popularity among his students, among whom were Sigmund Freud, psychologist Carl Stumpf, philosopher Edmund Husserl, and Tom Masaryk, the founder of modern Czechoslovakia. Another major work of Brentano's, Untersuchungen zur Sinnespsychologie (Inquiry into Sense Psychology), appeared in 1907. Completing his early masterwork was Von der Klassifikation der psychischen Phnomene (1911; On the Classification of Psychological Phenomena).