FRANZ JOSEF LAND

Russian Zemlya Frantsa-iosifa, archipelago of 191 islands in the northeastern Barents Sea, the northernmost territory of Russia. It falls administratively into Arkhangelsk oblast (province). The islands, with a land area of 6,229 square miles (16,134 square km), consist of three groups. The easternmost includes Rudolf Island, whose Fligeli Cape is the northernmost point in Russia, and the large islands of Zemlya Vilcheka and Greem-Bell (Graham Bell). This group is separated from the central group, which contains most of the islands, by the Avstriysky (Austrian) Strait. The western group, divided from the rest of the archipelago by the Britansky Channel (British Channel), contains two large islands, Zemlya Georga (the largest, with an area of about 1,120 square miles [2,900 square km]) and Zemlya Aleksandry. Franz Josef Land is mainly low-lying; the highest point, on Viner-Nyoyshtadt Island, reaches 2,034 feet (620 m). It comprises a series of lowland plateaus, 85 percent of whose surface is covered by ice. The islands are formed from marine deposits of Early and Middle Jurassic age (208 to 163 million years old) and are covered by thick basaltic crusts. Elsewhere are Late Cretaceous deposits (97.5 to 66.4 million years ago) with occasional lignite also overlain by basalt. During the Early Jurassic, Franz Josef Land was a single landmass; it was dislocated during the Quaternary Period (1.6 million years ago to the present) by severe faulting. As a result, the straits between the islands are often very deep, up to 1,650 feet (500 m) deeper than the surrounding Barents Sea. The climate is severe, the average winter temperature being -8 F (-22 C), the average summer temperature 35 F (2 C), though summer temperatures of up to 54 F (12 C) have been recorded. Vegetation consists primarily of lichens, mosses, and about three dozen species of Arctic flowering plants. Fauna include polar bears and the Arctic fox, with numerous bird species, of which perhaps 15 nest in the islands. Marine fauna include the walrus, seal, and bearded seal. Franz Josef Land was discovered by an Austro-Hungarian expedition under Julius von Payer and Karl Weyprecht in 1873; it was named after the Austrian emperor. The Soviet Union annexed the islands in 1926 and maintained permanent weather stations there.