BUCHENWALD

one of the first and biggest of the Nazi German concentration camps established on German soil. It stood on a wooded hill about 4.5 miles (7 km) northwest of Weimar, Germany. Set up in 1937, it complemented the concentration camps of Sachsenhausen to the north and Dachau to the south and initially housed political prisoners and other targeted groups, including Jews. As in these other camps, the population of Buchenwald increased rapidly after Kristallnacht in November 1938, when Jewish men aged 1660 were arrested and incarcerated. Many of these prisoners were subsequently released if they could find a place to go outside of Germany. The population of Buchenwald changed in number and composition. After the outbreak of World War II, Buchenwald continued to house political prisoners and, later, Poles. Most inmates worked as slave labourers at nearby work sites in 12-hour shifts around the clock. There were some 18,000 prisoners after Kristallnacht, 11,000 on the eve of the war, 63,000 by the end of 1944, and 86,000 in February 1945, when Buchenwald became the destination for some of the inmates forcibly evacuated from Auschwitz. Although there were no gas chambers, hundreds perished each month from disease, malnutrition, exhaustion, beatings, and executions. Camp records indicate that throughout its existence, some 240,000 prisoners from at least 30 countries were confined at Buchenwald. At least 10,000 were shipped to extermination camps, and some 43,000 people died at the camp. Buchenwald contained an official department for medical research, the Division for Typhus and Virus Research of the Hygiene Institute of the Waffen-SS, whose doctors and technicians tested the effects of viral infections and vaccines on inmates. The camp was run with rigid discipline, and from 1939 to 1945 Ilsa Koch, the Witch of Buchenwald, the wife of the SS commandant, achieved infamy for her sadistic behaviour. On April 6, 1945, some 28,500 prisoners were evacuated from Buchenwald on a death march on which one in four died. Just prior to the arrival of American troops on April 11, 1945, the German guards and officers fled, and inmates took over. Inmate officials were on hand to greet the liberating American troops later that day. Michael Berenbaum