CALLIRES, FRANOIS DE

born May 14, 1645, Torigni-sur-Vire, France died March 5, 1717, Paris French diplomat and author whose book De la manire de ngocier avec les souverains (1716; The Practice of Diplomacy) was considered a model introduction to the subject of diplomacy. Between 1670 and 1700 Callires was sent on many diplomatic missions, notably as a French plenipotentiary to the Dutch United Provinces for discussions preliminary to the Peace of Rijswijk (1697), which ended the War of the Grand Alliance. King Louis XIV rewarded Callires by appointing him cabinet secretary (1698). Callires's treatise sets forth the qualifications, duties, conduct, and methods of the ideal negotiator. Although the treatise condones the judicious use of flattery and bribery, it warns against trickery as prejudicial to the confidence that an envoy must inspire.